学科:地图制图学与地理信息工程. 三维地质模拟、GIS工程应用,出版时间:2009,导师:刘修国指导,学位授予单位:中国地质大学,论文作者:陈国良著,
中文
三维地质建模在20世纪90年代初期开始受到地学工作人员的重视,并逐渐成为油气勘探、矿山地质、城市地质、水文地质、岩土工程等各领域的研究热点,在地质、采矿、军事、建筑、隧道工程、地下水资源保护与利用、地下空间利用等关系国计民生的重大领域中有着广泛的应用价值。 通过重建地下三维地质模型,可使地质专业人员对地质空间实体以及相互关系有一个直观的认识;可提高对难以想象的复杂地质对象的理解和判别,从而为实际的研究工作提供验证和解释;可加强地质分析功能,提高灵活性;可为制定科学合理的区域发展规划提供决策依据。 地质断面数据是二维地质信息表达的主要方式,本论文将地质断面数据主要分为剖面、中断及地质构造图等几类。地质剖面图既可以表现整个研究区的宏观构造格局,又可以描述特殊地质现象的局部细节;中断图主要在矿山行业中比较常见;而地质构造图能在平面上综合反映地层与地层、地层与地质构造、构造与构造之间的关系以及地层面的延伸趋势。本论文旨在针对各类地质断面数据,并结合其它多源地质数据,利用三维GIS技术和相关的可视化技术来重建地下复杂地质体的结构特征,从而深化对三维地质建模方法的认识,为三维地质建模及可视化软件系统的研发奠定技术基础。 本论文对三维地质空间数据模型、地质断面数据的整合及基于各类地质断面数据的建模方法进行系统的归纳、总结及改进,强化了对三维空间实体及其建模方法的认识。论文在吸收、借鉴了国内外三维地质模拟发展前沿及其研究成果的基础上,围绕针对各类断面数据构建合理、准确的三维地质结构模型这一主线,以三维空间数据模型为基础,对不含断层等复杂地质现象的相对简单的剖面数据、平行断面数据、交叉剖面数据及平面地质构造图数据等各类数据分别阐述了建模的方法、流程,成功解决了复杂地质实体的三维模型构建中所面临的一系列技术问题,并通过相关的建模实例验证了这些方法的实用性。论文主要实现了以下内容的研究: (1)从3DGIS模型出发,分析了现有数据模型的特点及优缺点,提出采用“基于要素面向实体的空间数据模型”作为本文所采用的数据模型;在此基础上结合实际,对该模型进行了改进,并对改进的模型各组成元素进行了分析,叙述了模型对方向及拓扑的处理,并将模型对实际地质体表达的有效性进行了分析。 (2)叙述了三维地质建模所涉及的断面数据的存储形式及标准格式,分析了基于几何的集成方法的缺点;提出了基于要素集成的多源地质数据整合及校验机制,阐述了其基本的体系架构,为多源地质数据的处理提供了一种新的思路。 (3)针对相对简单的层状地质体剖面数据,提出采用基于“主TIN”建模的方法进行模型的构建,叙述了该方法的核心步骤,并对建模过程中剖面线数据的快速提取进行了分析,最后提出了一种新的基于“主TIN”的地质体快速构建及模型简化算法。 (4)基于近似平行的断面数据,采用基于轮廓线拼接的方法实现模型的构建,但是经典的轮廓线算法并不能直接应用到模型的构建当中,为此,本文在分析经典轮廓线拼接方法的缺点后,提出了改进的拼接方法,从而实现基于近似平行断面数据的地质模型的构建。 (5)分析了“基于近似平行断面数据的建模方法”的缺点,针对空间中交叉的地质剖面数据,提出了一种“基于空间单元格划分的三维地质建模方法”,该方法基于“分而自治”的思想,将复杂的整体的建模区域划分为分割的单个格子的建模,最后基于单个单元格采用相反的思路,将所有的格子内的模型拼接起来形成最终的建模区域内的模型。 (6)在分析现有的三大类断层构模方法(基于地层恢复、基于分区插值和统一构模方法)的优缺点后,结合实际平面地质构造图数据的特点,采用了基于“线框架”模型的断层面构建方法,并解决了含多Z值的地层面模拟难题,实现了含逆断层的复杂地质模型的快速、有效构建。 (7)基于MapGIS-TDE平台,初步研究并实现了基于地质断面数据的结构建模插件系统。 所取得的这些研究成果,为三维地质模拟的研究做了很好的铺垫,同时也为后期通用的三维地建模系统的研发提供经验和基础。 关键词:三维地质建模;数据模型;多源数据集成;单元格;线框架;
英文
3D geological modeling has been thought much of by the Geological staff by the early 90’s in the 20th century. And gradually becomes research hots in mine geology, hydrogeology, oil and gas exploration, geotechnical engineering and other fields. In the major areas of people’s livelihood such as geology, mining, military, building, tunnel engineering, groundwater resource protection and utilization of underground space utilization, 3D geological modeling has a wide application value. In consequence of the realistic 3D dynamic display effect obtained by the reconstruction of 3D geological model of the ground floor, the geological professionals have a very intuitive awareness on geological spatial relations. The powerful visualization capabilities, can improve the understanding and discrimination of the complex geological conditions which are inconceivable, thereby provide proof and interpretation for the investigation and experiment. Since the strong data statistical and spatial changes interactive analysis tool, analysis of geological features are enhanced and flexibility is improved. 3D geological modeling can be more flexible and naturally to represent the geological entity, and enhance the intuitive and accuracy maximally for the geological analysis, so as to provide basic geological data and decision-making for formulating scientific and rational regional development planning. Geological sections are the main expression mode of two-dimensional geological information, and in this paper the categories of the geological data are classified as follows: geological cross-section and geological structure map. The geological cross-section not only can express the pattern of macro-structure of the entire study area, but also can describe the local details of special geological phenomenon. The geological structure map can reflect comprehensively the relation between stratigraphy and stratigraphy, stratigraphy and geologic construction, geologic construction and geologic construction on the plane, and the extension trend of the geologic strata surface. In view of the discussion above, the author think that the geological sections data should be the main data for 3D geological modeling. In this paper, the work aims at every category of geological cross-section data, and combines with many other sources of geological data, then uses GIS technology and relevant 3D visualization techniques to reconstruct the complex geological structure entity of the ground floor, so as to deepen the awareness with three-dimensional geological modeling method and provide the technical foundation for research and development of three-dimensional geological modeling and visualization software system. This paper systematically induces, sums up, improves and develops 3D geological model of spatial data, data integration of geological section data and the modeling method basing on various types of geological section, and also deepens the awareness of the 3D spatial entities and modeling ways. The paper absorbs domestic and overseas forefront techniques such as 3D GIS, 3D geological modeling and scientific computing visualization, and bases on the research results on the field of 3D geological modeling. According to the main subject what is building reasonable and accurate 3D geological model basing various section data, and basing the spatial data model, this paper enunciates the modeling methods and process for every type of data such as simple cross-sections data, parallel cross-section data, intersected cross-section data and planar geological structure map data separately,and succeeds in solving a series of technical problems which the three-dimensional geological modeling faces with. Furthermore it corroborates the practicality of these methods through the instantialities of modeling. The main research of this paper is as follows: (1)Basedon analyze the characteristics and the advantages as well as disadvantages of the existing data models. Regard the concept of” the spatial data model which is orienting entity and basing elements ” as used in this paper. Then improve the model mentioned above factually, analyze the elements of the improved model , and describe the processing of direction and topology by the model. And also analyze the validity of the representation for the actual geological body. (2)Describethe storage forms and features correspondent to the section data what 3D geological modeling refers to, analyze shortcomings and deficiencies of data fusion method based on the geometric. Propose a data fusion mechanism based element for multi-source data, and explain its basic idea and system architecture to enable building 3D model at the same platform software with multi-source data directly. This mechanism provides a new way for multi-source data fusion. (3)Using simple layered geological cross-section data, propose a modeling based on the “main TIN”, describe the core of the idea, and analyse the rapid extraction of data on the modeling process . Finally propose a new algorithm based main TIN for rapid block building and model simplification. (4)Basing on the section data which is parallel approximately, propose a method that using splicingof the contour line to accomplish building of the model. But the classic contour algorithm can not be applied to the model’s building directly, so this paper analyzes the disadvantage of the classic contour line splicing method and then puts forward an improved method, thus accomplishes the 3D geological model building with the section data which is parallel approximately. (5)Analyze the disadvantages of the modeling method based on the section data which is parallel approximately, in view of the intersected cross-section data in the space, propose a 3D geological modeling method which based on the partition of the spatial cells. The method bases on divide-and-self-governing, and divides the complex overall regional modeling into a single partition lattice modeling, finally, splices all cells of models to final model using opposite steps. (6)Analyze and compare the workflows and the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the three fault modeling methods which are the techniques of modeling fault respectively based on stratum recover, interpolation in subdivision and unified modeling technique, and discuss some critical problems when build the fault model. According to features of actual planar geological structure map data, propose a new integrated modeling approach based on the wireframe model to model complexity fault. And this approach resolves the puzzle of simulating the fault and strata when they are cross bedded and controlled by faults, accomplishes the building of the complex geological model which contains fault fast and effectively. (7)Basing MapGIS-TDE platform, a plugin system for building structure model based on geological section data has been study and implement preliminary. The research in this paper will perform the investigation of 3D visualization for geological data, and provide the experiences for the development of 3D GIS software. Key words: 3D geological modeling, data model, the integration for muti-source data, cell, wire-frame.